Cannabinoids such as CBD, CBG and THC are gaining increasing attention as more people look for natural ways to support their wellbeing. But what exactly are cannabinoids, how do they work – and what are the real differences between CBD, CBG and THC?
This guide explains the most important cannabinoids, their benefits and their differences, based on current scientific insights.
What Are Cannabinoids? – A Brief Introduction
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that naturally occur in hemp and cannabis plants. Research has identified more than 100 different cannabinoids – including the well-known CBD (cannabidiol), the psychoactive THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and the increasingly popular CBG (cannabigerol) (1).
In addition to plant-based compounds, our bodies also produce their own cannabinoids – known as endocannabinoids. Together, they interact with a highly complex biological network: the endocannabinoid system (ECS).
The Body’s Endocannabinoid System
Endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2-AG regulate essential processes in the body, including:
- Mood
- Sleep
- Immune function
- Digestion
- Pain perception
- Cell growth and breakdown
- Stress regulation
The goal of the ECS is to maintain homeostasis – internal balance. When the body produces too few endocannabinoids or cannot use them efficiently, imbalance may occur. Plant-based cannabinoids from CBD or CBG oils can offer support by interacting with the same receptors (2).
Phytocannabinoids: Cannabinoids from the Plant
The most important plant-based cannabinoids interact with the ECS in different ways. Their effects are often enhanced when used together – a phenomenon known as the entourage effect, where cannabinoids and terpenes strengthen one another.
Below is an overview of the most important cannabinoids:
CBD – Cannabidiol
CBD is one of the most popular cannabinoids and is not psychoactive (3). It does not cause a “high,” is non-addictive and is generally well tolerated, for example when used as CBD oil.
Studies and user experiences suggest that CBD may help support:
- Stress-related complaints
- Inner restlessness
- Sleep problems
- Inflammation
- Nerve-related pain
- Overall wellbeing
CBD is the primary active ingredient in many CBD oils and is widely used due to its versatile applications.
THC – Tetrahydrocannabinol
THC is the cannabinoid responsible for the characteristic “high.” In medical doses, it can have therapeutic benefits; however, in many European countries hemp products may only contain trace amounts of THC.
Important to know:
- THC is psychoactive
- CBD can reduce the psychoactive effects of THC
- Trace amounts of THC support the entourage effect
This is why full-spectrum oils contain minimal amounts of THC while remaining non-intoxicating.
CBG – Cannabigerol: The “Mother of All Cannabinoids”
CBG is often referred to as the “stem cell cannabinoid” because, in the early growth stages of the plant, it forms the basis for CBD, THC and CBC (4). Young plants contain higher levels of CBG, which later converts enzymatically into other cannabinoids.
CBG is non-psychoactive like CBD, but its effects are different:
- Relaxing for the nervous system
- Supportive during stress
- Helpful for sleep issues (positive, clear dream experiences)
- Potential anti-inflammatory properties
- Reported to promote mental clarity
CBG oil is often used by people seeking an alternative or complement to CBD.
Which Is Better: CBG or CBD?
There is no universal answer, as CBD and CBG work differently. The better choice depends on your personal goals.
CBD may be more suitable for:
- Stress
- Restlessness
- Pain
- Inflammation
- Everyday discomforts
CBG may be more suitable for:
- Nervousness and mental overload
- Sleep problems (especially calm, clear dreams)
- Concentration difficulties
- Long-term stress regulation
Many people benefit from combining both cannabinoids, as they activate different receptors and complement each other.
Other Important Cannabinoids at a Glance
CBN – Cannabinol
CBN is formed through the oxidation of THC and is often used for:
- Deep relaxation
- Sleep support
- Mild pain relief
CBC – Cannabichromene
Non-psychoactive and supportive of:
- The entourage effect
- The body’s anandamide (“bliss molecule”)
- Inflammatory processes
- Antibacterial activity
Conclusion: CBD, CBG and THC – Three Cannabinoids, Many Differences
- CBD supports overall wellbeing and promotes balance.
- CBG offers clear, calming effects on the nervous system and complements CBD well.
- THC is psychoactive, but in trace amounts plays a valuable role in the entourage effect.
Anyone considering the use of cannabinoids should educate themselves, choose high-quality products and – if they have medical conditions or are taking medication – consult a healthcare professional.
Sources
- Rock, E. M., & Parker, L. A. (2020). Constituents of Cannabis sativa. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (Vol. 1264, pp. 1–13). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57369-0_1
- Xiong, W., Li, Q., & Wang, H. (2023). Cannabis-Based Phytocannabinoids: Overview, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(20), 11258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011258
- Li, S., et al. (2024). Cannabigerol (CBG): A comprehensive review of its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Molecules, 29(22), 5471. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225471
- The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol. (2024). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.124.002743
